You've reached the Virginia Cooperative Extension Newsletter Archive. These files cover more than ten years of newsletters posted on our old website (through April/May 2009), and are provided for historical purposes only. As such, they may contain out-of-date references and broken links.
To see our latest newsletters and current information, visit our website at http://www.ext.vt.edu/news/.
Newsletter Archive index: http://sites.ext.vt.edu/newsletter-archive/
Keep the Breeding Herd Cool During Summer
Livestock Update, July 2003
Mark Estienne, Swine Research Physiologist, Tidewater AREC
The optimum ambient temperature for swine in the breeding herd is approximately 65° F (range of approximately 55 to 75° F). Thus, the elevated environmental temperature and humidity associated with summers in Virginia can severely affect swine reproduction. Breeding operations often experience a "summer slump" during which reproductive efficiency is compromised. The adverse effects of "heat stress" are manifested in both the male and female. In this Livestock Update, I'll focus on the deleterious effects of elevated temperature on swine reproduction and interventional management practices.
Effects of Elevated Temperature on Reproduction in Boars
Short-term exposure to high environmental temperatures reduces fertility in boars. Boars subjected to heat stress conditions produce ejaculates that have low sperm concentrations, high percentages of abnormal sperm cells and decreased percentages of motile sperm cells. Past research has indicated that the minimum exposure time and critical air temperature above which production of sperm cells is adversely affected is 72 hours and 85° F, respectively.
The negative effects of acute heat stress on semen quality may be somewhat immediate. A "lag" period of approximately 2 weeks, however, is often observed between the initiation of acute heat stress and the first indications of abnormal sperm production. After the cessation of heat stress conditions, six to seven weeks is necessary before fertility returns to normal. Thus, acutely heat stressed boars can have a protracted, negative influence on reproduction in a breeding operation. For example, boars exposed to 95° F temperatures for three consecutive days in late-July may be responsible for suppressed conception rates well into September.
It is likely that boars are also sensitive to chronic exposure to moderately high temperatures (say, 79 to 84° F) that are not generally recognized as "heat stress" conditions. Boars are routinely exposed to these temperatures during the summer in Southeast Virginia.
Researchers at North Carolina State University reported data obtained from seven commercial boar studs in southeastern North Carolina from June through October, when average weekly high temperatures at these facilities never exceeded 84° F. Never the less, during this period there was a significant increase in the number of ejaculates rejected due to poor quality and a decrease in the number of insemination doses per ejaculate.
The effects of elevated environmental temperature on various characteristics of libido have not been extensively studied. However, during the summer boars may become lethargic and display a reluctance or refusal to mount a sow in estrus or an artificial sow. Results from a small study conducted at the Tidewater Agricultural Research and Extension Center (TAREC) in Suffolk supports this concept. During the spring, semen was collected once weekly for 12 weeks from 20 boars trained to mount an artificial sow. During this period, daily high temperatures fluctuated and ranged from 53 to 92° F. Reaction time, defined as the interval from entering the collection room to the start of ejaculation, ranged from 313 to 501 seconds and was positively correlated with environmental temperature. In other words, the hotter it was, the longer boars took to mount the artificial sow and start ejaculating.
Effects of Elevated Temperature on Reproduction in Sows and Gilts
Sows exhibit a reduced appetite due to high temperatures and as a consequence, loose more body condition during lactation. Excessive loss of body condition may result in an increase in the weaning-to-estrus interval.
A small data set generated at TAREC illustrates this point. Feed consumed during an 18-day lactation was recorded for crossbred sows nursing an average of 9.3 pigs during either the summer (n = 7) or winter (n = 9). Sows lactating during the summer consumed less feed, lost more body weight and last rib backfat thickness, and had a longer weaning-to-estrus interval (Table 1).
Table 1. Effect of Season on Performance of Sows During 18-day Lactation
Item: | Summer | Winter | SE | P |
---|---|---|---|---|
No. Sows | 7 | 9 | --- | --- |
Feed consumed (pounds/day) | 8.8 | 15.0 | 0.6 | 0.01 |
Body weight change during lactation (pounds) | -21.0 | 11.0 | 6.7 | 0.01 |
Backfat change during lactation (mm) | -0.6 | 1.0 | 0.8 | 0.16 |
Weaning-to-estrus interval (days) | 5.6 | 4.8 | 0.3 | 0.10 |
In sows and gilts, increased temperatures can also decrease the number of eggs ovulated during estrus and increase embryonic mortality. In gilts, the attainment of puberty is often delayed during hot weather.
Management Considerations
It is imperative that the breeding herd be kept cool during periods of high environmental temperatures. Following is a list of some key considerations for managers and herdsmen: